Garcia earned his 13th straight match win, sweeping the 18-year-old American 6-3, 6-4 to set up a Thursday semifinal with Tunisia's Wimbledon runner-up Once Jabeur.
Goff completed his 2022 Grand Slam schedule with a top 10 ranking in the world for the first time. The highlight of the year — other than graduating virtual high school — was her French Open runner-up finish.
She became the youngest major finalist since Maria Sharapova won the 2004 Wimbledon and remains the youngest player in the top 100.
She is bidding to become the youngest American to reach the US Open semifinals on Tuesday since 17-year-old Serena Williams lifted the trophy in 1999.
"I didn't tell anybody, but I didn't think it was going to be that good of a tournament for me," said Gough, who retired from her last match before the US Open with an injury.
Her next big target is the WTA Finals in the first week of November in Fort Worth, Texas.
"After that I'll have some time to reflect," he said. "I don't have a tournament for a while, so I'll try to reflect on the whole season."
Garcia is the first Frenchwoman to reach the semi-finals of a major since Marion Bartoli's stunning run to the 2013 Wimbledon title. The run came five years after Garcia's previous major quarterfinal appearance.
Since, Garcia rose to No. 4 in the world in 2018, then dropped to No. 79 three months ago. She is one of only two women to reach the top four of the world rankings and never reach a major semifinal (Magdalena Maleva).
Garcia, touted by Andy Murray as a future No. 1 at the age of 17, had an unbeaten record for 2022 at the first tournament of the summer.